1300 852 050

Risks and Complications

All Surgery carries potential risks and complications, as documented below:

General Anaesthesia Risks

Some patients can react to anaesthesia. Before surgery, you will be provided with the details of your anesthetist. This will allow you to discuss any specific concerns you may have. If you have had any allergic reactions in the past please you must disclose this to your Surgeon and Anaesthetist. General Anaesthesia risks include:

Adverse Reactions to Anaesthesia: Some individuals may have allergic reactions or adverse responses to the anaesthesia medications used, which can include:

  • Respiratory distress
  • Changes in blood pressure
  • Cardiac abnormalities
  •  

Breathing Difficulties

  • General anaesthesia can temporarily suppress the respiratory system, leading to breathing difficulties or, in rare cases, respiratory failure.
  • This risk is higher in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
  •  

Nausea and Vomiting

  • Patients often experience nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia.
  • Medications can be administered to help manage these symptoms.
  •  

Aspiration

  • In rare cases, gastric contents can enter the lungs during the surgery, leading to aspiration pneumonia.
  • Measures are taken to reduce this risk, such as fasting before surgery.
  •  

Cardiac Complications

  • General anaesthesia can impact the cardiovascular system, potentially causing changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or heart rhythm.
  • Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions may be at higher risk.
  •  

Allergic Reactions

  • Although uncommon, individuals can have allergic reactions to the medications or substances used during anaesthesia.
  • This can range from mild reactions, such as skin rashes, to severe reactions that require immediate medical attention.
  •  

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD)

  • Some individuals may experience temporary cognitive changes, including confusion, memory loss, or difficulty concentrating, after general anaesthesia.
  • The exact cause of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is not fully understood, and the risk is higher in older adults.
  •  

Medication Side Effects

  • The medications used during general anaesthesia can have side effects such as drowsiness, headache, or muscle aches.
  • These effects are typically temporary and dissipate as the medications wear off.
  •  

It’s important to note that the risks associated with general anaesthesia are relatively low and anaesthesia providers take multiple precautions prioritising patient safety. They diligently assess each individual’s medical history and tailor the anaesthesia plan accordingly.

General Risks of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery

Bleeding (Hematoma): Bleeding, or hematoma, is a potential risk associated with plastic surgery. Although it does not often occur, it can happen. Some factors that contribute to the risk of bleeding include:

Surgical Technique

  • The surgical technique used can influence the risk of bleeding.
  • Surgeons take precautions to reduce bleeding during the procedure, such as using cautery or sutures to control blood vessels.

Individual Factors

  • Certain individuals may be more prone to bleeding due to their unique physiology.
  • Factors such as age, overall health, and certain medical conditions like bleeding disorders can increase the risk.
  •  

Medications

  • Certain medications, such as blood thinners or anti-inflammatory drugs, can increase the risk of bleeding.
  • It is essential to inform your surgeon about any medications you are taking to manage this effectively.
  •  

Trauma or Excessive Activity

  • Physical trauma or engaging in strenuous activities too soon after surgery can disrupt healing and lead to bleeding.
  • It is crucial to follow post-operative instructions regarding activity restrictions to reduce this risk.
  •  

Infection

  • In rare cases, infection can contribute to bleeding.
  • Proper surgical techniques and post-operative wound care help reduce the risk of infection.
  •  

Seroma Formation

  • A seroma is a collection of fluid that can accumulate in the surgical area, causing swelling and potentially increasing the risk of bleeding.
  • Techniques such as the placement of drains or compression garments can help lower the occurrence of seromas.
  •  

It is important to note that bleeding risks can vary depending on the specific procedure being performed. It is vital to follow post-operative instructions, including avoiding activities that may increase the risk of bleeding and promptly notifying our Surgical Team if you experience any excessive bleeding or swelling.

Fluid Build-Up (Seroma): Fluid build-up, known as seroma, is another potential risk associated with plastic surgery. Seromas can occur when fluid accumulates in the surgical area, leading to swelling and discomfort. Below are some factors that contribute to the risk of seroma formation:

Surgical Technique

  • The surgical technique employed can influence the risk of seroma development.
  • Techniques that involve a larger surgical pocket or disrupting lymphatic vessels may increase the chances of fluid accumulation.
  •  

Extent of Surgery

  • The extent and complexity of the surgical procedure can impact the risk of seroma formation.
  • Surgeries that involve extensive tissue dissection or removal, such as excess skin resection, abdominoplasty, or breast surgeries, may have a higher risk.
  •  

Drainage

  • The use of drains during surgery helps to remove excess fluid and reduce the risk of seroma formation.
  • Proper placement and management of drains are essential to reduce fluid build-up.
  •  

Post-Operative Care

  • Following post-operative care instructions is crucial in preventing seroma formation.
  • Activities that increase fluid accumulation, such as excessive movement or exertion, should be avoided.
  • Wearing compression garments as advised by your surgeon can also help reduce the risk.
  •  

Individual Factors

  • Individual factors such as age, overall health, and underlying medical conditions can influence the risk of seroma formation.
  • Certain medical conditions, such as lymphatic disorders or a previous history of seromas, may also increase the likelihood.
  •  

Infection

  • In some cases, seromas can be associated with infection.
  • Proper wound care and adherence to hygiene practices help reduce the risk of infection and subsequent fluid accumulation.
  •  

It is important to note that the risk of seroma can vary depending on the specific surgical procedure. If a seroma does develop, it can often be managed through drainage or aspiration under medical supervision. Promptly informing our Surgical Team about any unusual swelling or discomfort is essential for early detection and appropriate management of seromas.

Infection: There is a risk of wound infection and wound breakdown. Should an infection develop following surgery, your surgeon will prescribe antibiotics as appropriate and monitor your progress closely. While steps are taken to reduce the risk, it can still occur. Factors that contribute to the risk of infection include:

Surgical Site

  • The location and extent of the surgical site can impact the risk of infection.
  • Areas with a higher bacterial load, such as the mouth, nose, or genital area, may have an increased risk.
  •  

Sterile Technique

  • The use of sterile instruments, equipment, and a sterile surgical environment is crucial to reduce the risk of infection.
  • Therefore, adherence to strict infection control protocols by the surgical team is important.
  •  

Pre-existing Infections

  • If a patient has a pre-existing infection, such as a respiratory or urinary tract infection, there is a higher risk of complications, including surgical site infection.
  • The proper evaluation and management of existing infections before surgery are important.
  •  

Patient Health

  • The overall health of the patient plays a role in infection risk.
  • Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as diabetes or autoimmune disorders, can increase susceptibility to infections.
  • Smoking and obesity can also impair the body’s ability to fight off infections.
  •  

Post-Operative Care

  • Following post-operative care instructions is crucial in preventing infections.
  • Proper wound care, including cleaning and dressing changes, should be followed.
  • Any signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, swelling, or drainage from the incision site, should be promptly reported to your surgeon.
  •  

Hygiene

  • Maintaining personal hygiene, both before and after surgery, helps reduce the risk of infection.
  • Both proper handwashing and cleanliness are important for preventing the introduction of bacteria into the surgical site.
  •  

Your surgeon may prescribe prophylactic antibiotics before surgery to further reduce the risk. Promptly reporting any signs of infection to our Surgical team allows for early intervention and treatment. With proper precautions and diligent care, the risk of infection can be reduced in plastic surgery procedures.

Delayed Wound Healing: While most surgical incisions heal without complications, some factors can contribute to delayed wound healing, including:

Poor Blood Supply

  • Adequate blood supply is crucial for wound healing.
  • Conditions like diabetes, smoking, vascular diseases, and certain medications can impair blood flow to the surgical site, leading to delayed healing.
  •  

Infection

  • Infections can hinder the healing process and delay wound closure.
  • Prompt identification and treatment of any signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, swelling, or discharge from the incision site, are important.
  •  

Chronic Medical Conditions

  • Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or immunodeficiency diseases, can impair the body’s healing process and increase the risk of delayed wound healing.

Poor Nutrition

  • Proper nutrition is essential for wound healing.
  • Inadequate intake of essential nutrients like protein, vitamins (particularly vitamin C and vitamin A), and minerals can impair the body’s ability to repair tissues and delay wound healing.
  •  

Tension on Wound

  • Excessive tension or pressure on the wound can impede healing.
  • It is important to follow post-operative instructions regarding activity restrictions, avoiding strenuous activities, and proper wound care to reduce tension on the incision site.
  •  

Medications

  • Certain medications, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, can delay wound healing.
  • It is important to inform your surgeon about any medications being taken to assess their potential impact on wound healing.
  •  

Size and Complexity of the Wound

  • The size and complexity of the wound can impact healing. Larger wounds may take more time to heal than smaller ones.
  • Your surgeon will assess the specifics of the procedure and provide appropriate post-operative care instructions.
  •  

It is important for patients to follow their surgeon’s post-operative care instructions diligently, including proper wound care, maintaining suitable nutrition, and avoiding factors that can hinder healing. Regular follow-up appointments with your surgeon and surgical nurse allow for close monitoring of the healing process. If any concerns arise, it is crucial to promptly communicate with him for evaluation and appropriate management.

Scarring or hypertrophic scars: Scarring is a part of the healing process after plastic surgery. While most scars fade and become less noticeable over time, there is a risk of developing hypertrophic scars, which are thick, raised, and red in appearance. Some factors that can contribute to the risk of scarring or hypertrophic scars after plastic surgery include:

Individual Healing Response

  • Each person’s body responds differently to the healing process, including scar formation.
  • Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing hypertrophic scars.
  •  

Surgical Technique

  • The surgical technique used by the plastic surgeon plays a role in scar formation.
  • Skilled surgeons take care in reducing tension on the incision site, using suturing techniques, and placing incisions in discreet locations to optimise healing and reduce scarring.
  •  

Wound Care

  • Proper wound care during the recovery period is crucial to reduce the risk of excessive scarring.
  • Following your surgeon’s instructions regarding keeping the incision clean, using prescribed ointments or dressings, and avoiding activities that can strain or disrupt the wound are important.
  •  

Infection

  • Infection at the surgical site can increase the risk of scar formation.
  • It is important to follow proper hygiene practices, take prescribed antibiotics if necessary, and promptly report any signs of infection to our surgical team
  •  

Sun Exposure

  • Exposing healing incisions to direct sunlight can lead to increased pigmentation and worsen the appearance of scars.
  • It is important to protect the incision sites from sun exposure by using sunscreen and covering them with clothing or bandages.
  •  

Smoking

  • Smoking can impair the healing process and increase the risk of poor scar formation.
  • Nicotine and other substances in tobacco can reduce blood flow to the skin, hindering proper healing. It is advisable to quit smoking or refrain from smoking during the recovery period.
  •  

Scar Care

  • Proper scar care techniques, such as massaging the scar, using silicone-based products or scar gels, and following scar management protocols recommended by your surgeon, can help optimise the healing process and reduce the visibility of scars.

It is important to have realistic expectations regarding scarring after plastic surgery. Whilst your surgeon strives to reduce scarring, individual factors and the specifics of the procedure can influence the outcome. Regular follow-up appointments with your surgeon and surgical nurse allow for close monitoring of the healing process and appropriate interventions if necessary.

All surgery leaves a scar, and plastic surgery is no different. To reduce the appearance of scarring (for some procedures but not all), you may be recommended for Laser scar treatments following surgery.

Serious, Life Threatening Risks of Cosmetic Surgery

Deep Vein Thrombosis or Deep Vein Embolism: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition. It can occur when a blood clot occurs in a vein located deep inside the body, typically in the thigh or lower leg. It is important to inform our surgical team right away if you suspect you are experiencing symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis so appropriate medications and therapies can be prescribed immediately.

Some factors that contribute to the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery include:

Prolonged Immobility

  • Procedures that require extended periods of immobility, such as lengthy surgeries or recovery periods, can increase the risk of blood clot formation.
  • Immobility slows down blood circulation, allowing blood to pool and potentially form clots in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis.
  •  

Surgical Trauma

  • Surgical procedures can cause trauma to blood vessels, increasing the risk of clot formation.
  • Tissue manipulation, incisions, and surgical dissection can disrupt the blood flow and trigger a clotting response.

Body Changes

  • Certain plastic surgery procedures, such as excess skin removal surgeries or fat transfer procedures, can lead to changes in body composition.
  • These changes, including alterations in fat distribution, can affect blood flow patterns and potentially increase the risk of clot formation.

Personal Risk Factors: Certain individuals may have a higher predisposition to developing blood clots due to personal risk factors. These include:

  • A history of blood-clotting disorders.
  • Previous Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) events.
  • Family history of clotting disorders.
  •  Obesity
  •  Smoking
  • Advanced age
  • Certain medical conditions, like cancer or heart disease.

Reducing the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) after plastic surgery

Plastic surgeons and healthcare providers take several preventive measures, such as:

  • Early mobilisation and movement after surgery to promote blood circulation and prevent blood clots from forming.
  • Prescribing compression stockings or pneumatic compression devices to increase blood flow and reduce the risk of clots.
  • Administering blood-thinning medications, such as anticoagulants or low molecular weight heparin, to prevent clot formation.
  • Educating patients about the signs and symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE), such as leg pain, swelling, redness, warmth, or shortness of breath, and advising them to seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms occur.
 

Patients need to disclose their medical history, including any previous clotting events or risk factors, to their surgeon. This information allows him to assess individual risks and take appropriate measures to reduce the risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or Deep Vein Embolism (DVE) during and after surgery.

A Stroke or Death: While rare, a stroke or death is a potential risk associated with plastic surgery. These risks can occur during or after the procedure and can be attributed to various factors. Surgical trauma, anaesthesia complications, blood clot formation, and underlying medical conditions can increase the risk of stroke or death. Patients must undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation before surgery to assess their overall health and identify any potential risk factors. Additionally, skilled surgeons and anesthesiologists follow strict safety protocols to reduce these risks, including monitoring vital signs, using appropriate anesthesia techniques, and providing post-operative care.

Smoking and Vaping: Smoking, Vaping and Nicotine Products (Patch, Gum, Nasal Spray) can affect the timeline of surgery.

Patients who currently smoke, use tobacco products, or nicotine products (patch, gum, or nasal spray) are at higher risk for serious surgical complications such as skin necrosis, delayed healing, and additional scarring.  Smokers may also face significant negative effects on anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia, including coughing and potentially increased bleeding. Individuals who avoid exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine-containing products significantly reduce their risk of these complications. The prerequisite for smokers/vapers is that you will need to refrain from smoking at least 8-12 weeks before surgery and until your surgeon confirms it is safe to resume, if desired.

Patient Safety is paramount.